Placental Development and Function

The placenta is a vital organ that forms during pregnancy to facilitate nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and fetus. Placental development begins early in gestation with the differentiation of trophoblast cells and the invasive remodeling of uterine blood vessels to establish the uteroplacental circulation. The placenta serves as a barrier against immune rejection, protecting the fetus from maternal immune responses while allowing the transfer of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products across the placental barrier.

Placental function is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy and fetal growth. It plays a key role in hormone production, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and progesterone, which are crucial for sustaining the early stages of pregnancy. The placental barrier regulates the exchange of substances between maternal and fetal circulations, ensuring the optimal environment for fetal development. Disruption of placental function can lead to pregnancy complications such as intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, and placental insufficiency, affecting both maternal and fetal health.